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On 3 April 2016, the world woke up to revelations in the Süddeutsche Zeitung newspaper laying bare the murky use of offshore financial services and shell companies, which some individuals and companies were using to minimise their tax liabilities.
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Tax transparency: The time for change is now
13 December 2019
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The Panama Papers, as the multi-country investigation became known, provided sensational stories involving politicians, rock stars and royalty. But what it also laid bare was the scale of global business’s tax avoidance — often entirely legal.
Tax income is essential for governments to fund infrastructure and services and support sustainable development both at home and internationally. Corporate taxes contribute to the wellbeing of the people in the country where they are paid and are a key means for companies to contribute to the local economies where they operate.
Yet serious questions have been raised over how the country-by-country taxes paid by multinational companies relate to the locations where they do business. Transparency to all stakeholders about how much tax a company pays, where they pay it and what their tax management approach is, is therefore highly relevant from a sustainability standpoint.
By any estimate, the scale of the financial cost to governments caused by corporate tax avoidance is very high. Research from UNU-WIDER puts it at $US500 billion each year in lost revenue, while according to the IMF, the figure is up to $US600 billion, with low-income economies disproportionately affected.
What this emphasises is that non-transparent tax practices make it difficult for companies to show how they are meeting their societal obligations. And that includes to governments, the environment and the communities where they produce, store or sell their products and services.
While businesses do typically already release some tax information, accessible data on how much tax companies pay, and where, can be difficult or impossible to find. When it is available it is often technical, aggregated and based on country-specific legal frameworks.
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As a result, there have been growing calls — from investors, governments, civil society, the media and the public — for tax transparency, including comprehensive and comparable disclosure on a country-by-country basis.
It was against this backdrop that in 2017 the Global Sustainability Standards Board (GSSB), the independent entity that oversees the development of the GRI Standards of which I am the chair, appointed a Technical Committee of experts to create a first global reporting standard on tax.
This multi-stakeholder group included international experts on tax. The draft standard they developed then underwent global consultation, including a 90-day public comment period earlier this year, to gather views from all interested parties. That process emphasised the widespread demand for better information on the taxes multinational corporations pay, especially from investment institutions.
Just two years on from the new standard being first proposed by the GSSB, GRI launched the new Tax Standard (now known as GRI 207: Tax 2019) last week. Published on 5 December, it is freely available for any organisation to use to disclose their taxes in a transparent way that adheres to global best practice.
Adoption of the GRI Tax Standard — and widespread organisational reporting of tax strategy and country-by-country tax payments — will enable an open debate between reporting organisations, government, the public and civil society, about tax policies and practices within jurisdictions. For example, it can contribute to discussions about how tax revenues can promote sustainable development.
The scale of initial backing for the new GRI Standard is very encouraging. We have seen major investors, industry bodies, civil society activists, charities, trade unions and many other groups from around the world voice their support for the Tax Standard and the greater transparency it seeks to achieve. To highlight just a few — asset managers Royal London and Hermes, Accountancy Europe, Oxfam, the UN-supported Principles for Responsible Investment, global union federation Public Services International, and civil society groups the Tax Justice Network and FACT Coalition.
As the turmoil that resulted from the Panama Papers revelations illustrates, more openness on tax is necessary if we are to start to rebuild public trust in companies, strengthen corporate accountability and facilitate the informed dialogue that stakeholders rightfully demand.
Judy Kuszewski, chair of the Global Reporting Initiative’s Global Sustainability Standards Board
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